The origin of tektites and science fiction theory of the origin of tektites

Below is my science fiction theory of the origin of tektites, developed in 1998 and first published in 1999.

1/ History of the discovery of tektites

A great mystery arose after the publication in 1900 in the annual of the Imperial and Royal State Geological Office in Vienna of F. E. Suess’s work „On the origin of moldavites and related glasses”.

F.E. Suess wrote in his work: „Guided by the properties of the bodies, which, unlike other meteorites, constitute a previously completely melted and later solidified mass, I gave this whole group the common name of tektites.” In Greek, tektos means molten. So, 100 years ago, a theory was put forward about the extraterrestrial origin of tektites and classifying this group as meteorites.

The only recorded fall of a glass meteorite in modern times occurred on May 17, 1855 near the town of Jigaste in southern Estonia, following a loud detonation. It was only Professor John A. O’Keefe 100 years later who classified this meteorite as a tektite, because researchers at that time concluded that it must have come from Earth.

Moldavites have been known since 1787 and were often used to make jewelry. Australites were known to the natives and were used to make religious items.

In 1930, hundreds of tektite specimens were found in Indochina.

The first tektites in Java were discovered in 1907. and on the island of Bilitan earlier, in 1879. Tektites in the Philippines and Java were known to prehistoric people. They were discovered on Rizal Island in 1926.

They were found mining for gold near Ahakoumoekrou in Côte d’Ivoire. Charles R. Darwin was the first to describe Australian tektites, and to honor his memory, the Darwin Glass discovered in western Tasmania in 1910 was named after him.

Libyan Desert Glass was first discovered and described by Patrick Clayton in December 1932. Several dozen years ago, blue Irgisite tektites were discovered in Kazakhstan. However, in Colombia, green and brown glaze was discovered – Columbites, which not all scientists classify as tektites. They are found in emerald mines.

In 1991, Tibetan tektites were „discovered” to the West, discovered in a dry riverbed and mined by the Drakna, a nomadic tribe living in Chang Tang, a plateau in central and northern Tibet near Lake Motsobuhna. In the past, they were highly valued by the locals and were considered a „gift from heaven”, they are considered talismans of great power.

2/ Origin of tektites

Many theories of the origin and formation of tektites have been put forward, including the following:

– waste of the prehistoric glass industry, 

– stones melted by a forest fire,

– glass meteorite shower,

– molten remains of stony meteorites,

– material ejected from lunar volcanoes,

– stones melted and thrown towards Earth by a meteorite fell on the surface of the moon,

– stones melted and scattered when the comet fell to Earth,

– stones melted when a meteorite fell to Earth and thrown to a great height, and then fell back to Earth.

Chrysolites from Tyn nad Vltavou were first examined in 1787 by Joseph Mayer, a professor at the University of Prague, who classified them as „Lapis obsidianus” – volcanic glazes.

Joseph Mayer noted in his research that they behave differently when melting. Johann Thadoläus Lindaker soon concluded that Moldavites (the Vltava River in German is Moldava) were waste from glassworks – the prehistoric glass industry. The above theories survived for about 100 years, although in the meantime Martin Klaproth in 1816, based on physical tests of specific gravity and chemical composition, came to the conclusion that Moldavites are a separate substance. However, Georg Ernst Abbe and Otto Schott tried to obtain such „chrysolites” in laboratory conditions and came to the conclusion that they could not be obtained artificially. Only a large number of individual observations and the finding of similar formations in Moravia, as well as observations collected and carried out by Charles Darwin during his journey around the world on the research ship „Beagle” in the years 1832-1837, during which he described and named the Australian tektites, provided the basis for putting forward further theories. In 1900, the famous Austrian geologist Eduard Suess gave them the common name tektites and put forward a theory about the cosmic origin of these bodies. For the next several dozen years, however, science was unable to come to terms with the origin of tektites.

3/ Main theories of the origin of tektites

Most researchers agree that tektites were formed either on Earth or the Moon and exclude their origin from other bodies in the solar system. As for their lunar origin, the most important theories are that tektites come from lunar volcanoes or as a result of a meteorite impact on the Moon, with the ejected material reaching Earth.

A supporter of the theory of „Lunar origin of tektites” is prof. John A. O’Keefe. Further terrestrial theories are that tektites come from terrestrial volcanoes or from meteorite impacts on the Earth. It is very easy to reject the theory of meteorites hitting the Moon, because as a result of melting the rocks covering the Moon’s surface, we will not obtain glass with the composition of tektites.

The initial velocity of the material ejected by Earth’s volcanoes does not exceed 700 m/sec. which is not enough to scatter tektites over a huge area, e.g. Australia (the initial velocity would have to be 10 times higher).

So there remain two theories and possibilities that the tektites originated:

– from lunar volcanoes,

– from large meteorite craters on Earth.

As for the first theory, in order to accept it, first of all, it must be stated that volcanoes exist on the Moon, but they cannot be Earth-type volcanoes, where the ejecting gas is water vapor, because the initial velocity would be too low. If the ejecting gas is hydrogen, rock fragments can reach a speed of over 2.4 km/sec. – and that’s enough to leave the Moon. Detectors placed on the Apollo 15 and 16 ships detected the presence of radon in the Aristarchus crater.

The occurrence of radon on Earth is related to volcanism. However, these observations are questioned, although „brightening” has been noticed in the area of this crater. The most popular theory is that the impact of a large meteorite on Earth melted rocks and threw them into the air over a considerable distance.

It was found that the Vltavites are the same age (14.8 million years) as the Ries meteorite crater in southern Germany, and the Ivorites are the same age (1.2 million years) as the Bosumtwi meteorite crater in Ghana. However, only the age of the craters is consistent with the age of the tektites, but no other correspondences have been found – the glass found in the Ries crater itself (25 km in diameter) contains many times more water and differs in chemical composition from the Vltavites. The chronological list of the most important theories of the origin of tektites includes approximately 35 different theories from the first theory in 1788 to the present.

4/ Occurrence of tektites

Tektites occur in several places on Earth. The oldest, approximately 35 million years old, are Bediasites found in Texas and Georgianites in Georgia, USA (the 65-million-year-old glaze discovered in Haiti has not yet been recognized as tektites).

On the border of Egypt and Libya there is approximately 28 million years old Libyan Desert Glass in colors ranging from yellow, honey through transparent and dark. The Libyan Desert Glass is an extraordinary natural phenomenon. This glass contains very few air bubbles.

To produce such glass, a melting temperature higher than 1750°C is needed and, for example, for a glass ball of this composition and with a diameter of 3 cm, a melting time of approximately 50 days is required to remove all air bubbles larger than 2 mm in diameter! To date, there is no hypothesis that would provide the circumstances of the creation of this glass in the Libyan Desert. It is estimated that the current total weight of Libyan glass, despite erosion, is approximately 1.4 x 103 tons and originally was 10,000. times greater. There is no doubt that such glass occurs only in one place on Earth. In the Czech Republic, west of Brno and Budejowice, there are Moldavites (Vltawites), whose age is estimated at about 15 million years, they are green (so-called bottle-colored). However, they differ in color and slightly in composition. Those from the Czech Republic are lighter and transparent, and those from Moravia are darker and usually larger. In the Ivory Coast in Africa there are Ivorites, whose age is estimated at 1.2 million years (only over 200 pieces have been found so far). Further exploration is difficult because they occurred in gold mines that are no longer exploited and are located in inaccessible areas in the jungle. Tibetan tektites are still very little known. From the story of the first trader who delivered them to the USA, it is known that they come from a dried river bed and were collected by the Drokmas – a people living near Lake Motsobuhna on the Chang Tang Plateau. Most tektites are dark gray or black. Tibetanites are only partially transparent.

In reflected light they are black, but under light they are translucent and similar to very dark smoky quartz (morion) with an olive green tint. These tektites are mostly small (less than 100 grams), with a large percentage of specimens weighing less than 10 grams. In Asia, tektites occur from China and Tibet to Indochina, the Philippines, Java, Australia and Tasmania. They cover an area of over 8,000 km2, are dark in color, and are estimated to be approximately 700,000 years old. years. Tektites in Asia and Australia vary greatly in shape. The most valuable and most sought after are oval and round Australians, the so-called buttons. Their prices range from several to several hundred dollars each. Tektites from Indochina, e.g. Thailand, are priced from 30 cents per gram. They are found in smaller numbers in Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos and northern China, as well as Java, the Philippines, the Billiton Islands (between Sumatra and Borneo – the so-called jagged islands) and the Malay Islands. However, in Kazakhstan there are very small tektites, the so-called Dark to navy blue and blue irgisites. Irgisites are in demand. In South America, in Colombia, green and light brown glass was found, which most scientists do not classify as tektites (as well as Libyan Desert Glass and Darwin Glass). Columbites are still little known, but are already appreciated on collectors’ markets.

Darwin Crater, where this glass occurs, is located 26 km south of Queenstown (42°18′ S – 145°40′ E).

5/ Tektite shapes, color, weight, chemical composition and physical properties

Tektites can be divided into various types of shapes, such as: ball (a), dumbbells (b), discs (c), tears (d), bowls (e), boomerangs (f), ovals (g), buttons (h) , elongated and lenticular.

The shape probably depends on the speed of the fall and is actually the shape that a drop of thin glass would take under the influence of the air momentum generated during its fall to the Earth.

It has the shape of drops of falling water, which break up into small drops, spherical, oblong, thickened at the ends, oriented along the momentum lines.

The most beautiful product are the „buttons” – their cross-section clearly shows how the enamel ball softened upon contact with the Earth’s atmosphere and then melted from the front to the back.

Most tektites are dark – black, brown or green (bottle glass), or, like the Libyan Desert Glass, yellow, honey and light green.

The color of tektites depends on their chemical composition, e.g. moldavites contain more potassium and are green, bediasites from Texas contain very little magnesium and are dark.

Tektites have a chemical composition mainly of SiO2 (from 70 – 80%) and aluminum oxide Al2O3 (11 – 15%), microscopic ferronickel particles and variable amounts of magnesium, titanium, barium, chromium, potassium, sodium and some other elements. Unlike, for example, „earthly” obsidian, which contains 1% water, tektites are very dry, containing less than 0.005% water. Tektites sometimes contain air bubbles or empty spaces inside, the so-called caverns.

Tektites have a hardness of 6-7 on the Moxa scale and a refractive index of 1.48 -1.52. Man-made glass and obsidian have a hardness of 5 to 5.5, and glass has a refractive index of 1.5 or higher. They therefore differ from all known types of glass, both natural and artificial. Their shape and surface appearance clearly suggest that they were formed in a partially molten state while passing through the atmosphere at extremely high speeds.

  6/ Doubts about the theory of origin

Taking our hat off to specialists in the field of meteorite and tektite research, the following doubts arise:

1. Scientists have excluded and failed to prove the volcanic origin of tektites.
2. Tektites on Earth only occur between latitudes 50°S and 50°N – why?
3. Tektites are such good quality „glass” that they cannot be the product of sudden high pressure and temperature resulting from the impact of meteorites – the argument is glass – the so-called trinitites formed during atomic bomb explosion tests. The enamel becomes dirty and opaque.
4. Only tektites are known to have formed in the Cenozoic Era between 35 million and 700,000 years ago, and only in a few places on Earth. (This period may be pushed back to 65 million years by examination of the glaze of „microtektites” from Haiti.)
5. Tektites have been in space as single bodies for several thousand years, as shown by measurements using the potassium-argon method.
6. The area where the Libyan Desert Glass occurs is much larger, ranging from 25°02’N to 26°13’N and 25°24’E to 25°55’E, than the area where the Moldavites occur, and there are no volcanoes or volcanoes nearby. also meteorite craters.
7. The traces on the tektites and their occurrence indicate that they entered the Earth’s atmosphere at an enormous speed and at an angle to the horizon of approximately 30°.
8. Spherules containing Fe and Ni have been found in tektites, but Ganapathy and Larimer show that iron-nickel spheres are not meteorites.
9. Even if we assume that tektites are of terrestrial origin, why are they so different?
10. A glassy material was found on the Moon, but only similar to tektites – sample No. 14425 – an 8 mm glassy Ni-Fe ball.
11. Where are the impact craters that produced huge amounts of tektites in Southeast Asia and Australia 700,000 years ago?
12. The most serious argument against the terrestrial origin of tektites comes from engineers of the glass industry, who do not yet know how to obtain such good quality glass in such a short time, as predicted by impact theories.

7/ Where are tektites or meteorites from over 150 impact craters?

More than 150 impact craters have been discovered on Earth, created in various periods of history. Craters erode quickly, which is why the oldest ones are preserved in the most tectonically and climatically stable regions.

Several more craters are discovered every year. Nevertheless, the question arises – why tektites are not so popular in various regions of the globe, and only a few types of tektites are known in a few places. After all, if the shock theory, which is accepted by most of the scientific world, was acceptable, why is it this way and not otherwise? It seems to me that the world of science does not want to put forward bold theories about the formation of tektites. Just as most impact craters do not contain tektites, many craters do not contain meteorites or meteorite-like material. Do craters on Earth only indicate impacts from natural cosmic bodies, and why not e.g. artificial ones? After all, the oldest written sources, those from India and Tibet, tell us about huge wars in which nuclear weapons were used. You can find descriptions of various space structures, from satellites to huge, multi-kilometer, gigantic cities from which these creatures and people came, where food and water, all comforts and terrible weapons and ammunition were stored. One of these cities that rotated on its axis was called Hiranyapma, which meant city of gold. This city was built by Brahma.

In the book of Wanaparwan there are other space cities rotating around their own axis: Waihajori, Gagankora and Kekara.

According to Rigveda 1.164 – 11 to – 14:

11. The indestructible wheel of Order with twelve spokes

       it revolves constantly around the sky.

       On it stood the sons in pairs, O Agni,

       seven hundred and twenty.

12.Father with five feet, in twenty forms

      they call the possessor of abundance in the upper part of heaven.

      Others call [him] farsighted, placed in the lower eye [heaven],

13.On that rotating wheel with five spokes

      all beings resist. 

      Its axle does not heat up, [although] heavily loaded,

      and the hub will never crumble.

14.The indestructible wheel rotates with its rim,

     [it] is pulled by ten people harnessed to the extended [drawbar].

     The eye of the sun is surrounded by space,

      in it [are] placed all beings.

Don’t our modern scientists see the remains of these wars, tangible remains, ones that can be held in hand and examined or seen, for example, craters.

Is there no one who would dare to say so and not „embarrass themselves” in front of the world of science? Aren’t tektites a tangible example of this? After all, silicon is one of the best semiconductors for building electronic parts, including: computers.
Can a space city be built mainly from this ingredient, i.e. silicon, so that it is functional for life and at the same time incorporates all the technical thoughts?

Why haven’t tektites weighing several hundred kilograms, for example, been found so far, but only a few dozen, because according to the impact theory there should be larger pieces closer to the crater and not so small ones. It’s as if a car window had crumbled into tiny pieces in space due to the explosion and high temperature, and had taken on its current shape under the influence of high temperature again while passing through the atmosphere.

It seems to me that human history should be moved back at least several million years, and perhaps even more. Finally, we need to look at many finds on Earth differently and connect them with human history, legends, and descriptions recorded in ancient holy writings. Science should not stick to the rules established many decades ago, it should change and transform, just as civilization changes.

Heinrich Schliemann (1822 – 1890) believed from his youth that he would find Troy based on Homer’s epic, and so he did. After years of travel and work, the texts of the Iliad and Odyssey became understandable to Schliemann and led to a great discovery. It seems to me that, just like him, we have to get rid of the rules and principles that we have created certain technologies and that flying objects must be made of the same materials or similar ones. These stereotypes of thinking set us back, we are afraid to think differently than „others”, or we are afraid to put forward too bold theories to avoid ridicule, because the majority think differently.

It seems to me that the confirmation of my theory about the origin of tektites are tektites of various ages occurring in the Zhamanshin impact crater in Kazakhstan, i.e. 0.7; 1.2 ; 5.2 million years while the crater was formed only 10,000 years ago. It seems obvious to me and highly probable that the spacecraft itself was built about 5.2 million years ago and was modernized twice, i.e. 1.2 and 0.7 million years ago. The catastrophe occurred about 10,000 years ago.

It seems to me that future detailed research of this crater should bring more discoveries, because firstly, this catastrophe „wasn’t that long ago”, and secondly, artifacts from this catastrophe should be preserved. Unless they were picked up by search teams.

In 1973, a book on the mystery of space flights in ancient India was published in India. This book was published on the basis of a manuscript over 350 years old titled VAIMANIKA SASTRA, which was found in 1918. at the Barada Royal Sanskrit library in Mysore, India. The first information about the discovery was reported to the media in 1952. This text, consisting of 6,000 handwritten lines, tells the story of prehistoric aviation. In 1973, the English translation of VYMAANIKA – SHAASTRA OR SCIENCE OF AERONAUTICS was published. This book was published by Professor G.R. JOSYER and his colleagues. This text describes flying machines of the following types: „vimana, rukma, sumdra and shockana”. The titles of individual chapters sound intriguing: air corridors, machine elements, suits, meals, about materials, melting point, mirrors, power, machines, different types of planes. According to the text, a different component were mirrors, e.g. long-range ones, collecting energy or increasing fear, etc. The text explains how to build these mirrors, enumerates e.g. 633 „bad influences” for the flying apparatus, as well as how to prevent them. He also describes laser-type lenses called „rowdri-darpana” that change everything they are pointed at. Among the most important verses I would include explanations of the construction of the „vimana”, for which, according to the text, 27 different types of glass should be used and this lists what to use to build the walls, floor and floors. The text also lists 28 types of fibers for making a pilot’s suit and 25 types of connections for converting solar energy into usable power. Glass was used to build small flying objects according to the following description: „these 12 purified ingredients should be mixed in the proportion 5: 3: 5: 1: 10: 10: 11: 8: 7: 2: 20: 6.” Place them in a smelting furnace shaped like a lotus and heated with charcoal. It should be heated to a temperature of 323 degrees […]. The result will be shitaranjikaadarsa, or glass containing coldness. It may be assumed that the point here was that the glass, like tektites, did not contain water, i.e. it was cool and dry, and at the same time it could stay for a long time in open space where the temperature is close to absolute zero. It seems to me that research on this text should be started by serious chemical laboratories, or maybe it is already being carried out.

Summary

To the hypotheses given at the beginning and the chronological list of the most important theories of the origin of tektites, I add my theory, which was published by me for the first time in 1999, maybe fantastic, but why not. Some scientists in India really liked this theory, namely tektites:

„They may be fragments of crashed orbital stations and Vimana vehicles made of glass and silicon, as well as remnants of star wars thousands and millions of years ago and described in ancient Hindu texts and scriptures.”

Finally, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to all my friends who supported me spiritually while working on this book.

During the pandemic in July 2020, I published on the Internet the pilot part of my book published in 2000  on tektites entitled „Glass meteorites, or tektites, where do they come from – fantasy or maybe not?” (http://pressmania.pl/szklane-meteoryty-niczy-tektyty-skad-pochodza-fantastyka-a-moze-zdrowiek-nie/ ) I divided the remaining extensive fragments into X parts plus Appendix XI and published them in January 2021.

Links to all parts http://pressmania.pl/?s=%C5%9AWI%C4%98TE+KSI%C4%98GI+OPISUJ%C4%84CE+LOTY+I+WOJNY+KOSMICZNE+ 

I hope you enjoy reading about this science fiction theory.

Literature:

1. A. Kotowiecki – GLASS OUT OF THIS EARTH, ed. CIESZYN 1999, ISBN 8391222004, 9788391222003, p.56, Copyright by Andrzej Kotowiecki
2. A. Kotowiecki – TEKTITE RELICTS OF STAR WARS, ed. CIESZYN 2000, ISBN 83-912220-1-2, p. 173, Copyright by Andrzej Kotowiecki
3. A. Kotowiecki – Glass meteorites, i.e. tektites, where do they come from – fantasy or maybe not? – https://pressmania.pl/szklane-meteoryty-niczy-tektyty-skad-pochodza-fantastyka-a-moze-chodzik-nie/

Literatura:

1. A. Kotowiecki – SZKLIWO NIE Z TEJ ZIEMI , wyd.   CIESZYN 1999, ISBN 8391222004, 9788391222003, str.56, Copyright by Andrzej Kotowiecki
2. A. Kotowiecki – TEKTYTY RELIKTY GWIEZDNYCH WOJEN, wyd. CIESZYN 2000, ISBN 83-912220-1-2, str. 173, Copyright by Andrzej Kotowiecki
3. A. Kotowiecki – Szklane meteoryty czyli tektyty, skąd pochodzą – fantastyka a może jednak nie? –  https://pressmania.pl/szklane-meteoryty-czyli-tektyty-skad-pochodza-fantastyka-a-moze-jednak-nie/

About the author: Andrzej Kotowiecki

Born in Wadowice in 1954. A lawyer by education, studies at the Jagiellonian University, a prosecutor by profession, a passionate historian, archaeologist, geologist, paleontologist, religious expert, collector and traveler. Founding member of the Polish Meteorite Society.